When a variation is disputed, or a final account is contested, the question is almost
never about the rate. It is about what was in the original quantity.
If the take-off was done in a spreadsheet with no record of which drawing revision it
came from, which items were included, and what was assumed where the information ran
out, that question cannot be answered. The commercial position then depends on whoever
argues most confidently, which is not a position worth being in.
The same applies to model-based quantities. A schedule exported from a BIM model looks
authoritative and can still be materially wrong, because the model was built to
communicate design intent rather than to be measured. Objects are modelled generically,
builder's work is absent, and the scope boundary between packages is not in the model at all.